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[Music]

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thank you so much Gary and I truly hope

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that we have a partner out there in

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interstellar space because we all know

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what Steven Weinberg the Nobel laurate

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said at the end of his book the first

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three minutes he said that the most the

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more we understand the universe the more

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pointless it looks

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and of course I understand that because

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Steven Weinberg and most cosmologist

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focus on lifeless entities Elementary

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particles

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stars and we know from our private life

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that finding a partner provides a

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meaning to our

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existence the same holds for finding a

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partner in OU space suddenly the

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universe will not appear to be

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and um what I'll discuss today um can be

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Interstellar there is a new frontier in

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astronomy that's what brought me to this

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discussion um when Gary mentioned the

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table I was actually traumatized at the

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dinner table as a young kid because I

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would ask a difficult question

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and the adults in the

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room would dismiss it because they

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wouldn't know the answer and they didn't

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want to show any weakness so they just

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removed the question off the table that

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was traumatizing to me as a kid and I

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haven't changed since then I'm still a

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curious kid that grew up on a farm and

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um I decided to become a scientist so I

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can answer the question Myself by

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collecting evidence that's a great

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privilege you don't need to rely on

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other people forget about people just

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look at

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nature so over the past decade we found

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the first objects from outside the solar

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system and the experience is like

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watching objects that come from the

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street into your

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backyard of course many of them might be

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rocks like the ones that we are familiar

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with but there might also be a tennis

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ball that was thrown by a

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neighbor so for me the interest in this

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was maybe we can find a technological

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needle in this haast stack of rocks that

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are familiar to us and what I find is

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that my colleagues in Academia keep

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saying everything in the sky must be

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Stones I call that the Stone Age of

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so the first three Interstellar objects

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were the following on January 8

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2014 a

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meteor collided with Earth it was the

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size of a watermelon a meteor is an

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object that burns up in the atmosphere

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as a result of its friction with

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air this one was anomalous it was

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detected by US Government satellites and

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was moving very fast

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in fact it came from behind the Earth as

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it orbits the Sun and even though it was

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trailing us it moved already at 40 km/

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second relative to Earth and so all

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together we

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calculated outside the solar system it

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was moving at 60 km/ second that's a

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thousand times more than the speed limit

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on a highway and it's faster than

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95% of the stars in the vicinity of the

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Sun

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so that was anomalous and yet in

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addition to that it was able to maintain

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its Integrity all the way down to the

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low atmosphere uh where the stress on it

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was far greater than on any other meteor

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that NASA catalog 272 of them over the

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past decade so I thought well that's

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interesting it could be a voyager like

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meteor imagine our own spacecraft

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colliding with another planet like Earth

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in the future and burning up in its

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atmosphere it would that meteor that

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would be visible there would be of

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unusual material strength because it's

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made of an artificial alloy and would

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also move at an unusual speed because it

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benefited from chemical

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propulsion and then almost four years

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later a telescope in Hawaii named pan

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stars discovered a much bigger object

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that didn't collide with Earth it was

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the size of a football field was given

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the name om mua mua which means a scout

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in the Hawaiian

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language and the amount of sunlight

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reflected from it changed by a factor of

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10 as it was tumbling every eight hours

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and the most likely shape of the object

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was that of a pancake a flat object very

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unusual unlike the rocks that we are

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familiar with it also exhibited some

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non-gravitational push away from the Sun

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without showing any cometary evaporation

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there was no trail of dust or gas around

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it and so I found that intriguing unlike

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the rocks that we are familiar

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with and my colleagues were saying No

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it's it's a rock it's a rock of a type

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that we've never seen before a hydrogen

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Iceberg a nitrogen Iceberg a Dust

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Bunny the version changed every few

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months but it was always natural and

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they always said how dare you even bring

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origin and by the way that's exactly

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what a cave dweller would say when

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finding a cell phone it's a rock of a

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type that we've never seen

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before um on August 29th 2019 finally

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the third object showed up it was

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discovered by an amateur astronomer

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Gennady borisov and that one was a

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familiar Comet didn't look any different

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than the Comets that we we saw many

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times in the solar

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system so here is an interesting case

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out of three objects that came from

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Interstellar space the first two were

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unlike the rocks in the solar system so

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could they be technologically in origin

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this is just a question I'm just asking

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a question at the dinner

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table why are the adults in the room

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dismissing

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it now what is an Interstellar

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object just imagine the sun here in red

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uh the Earth is orbiting in a circle

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around the Sun at 30

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km/s if the Earth was moving slightly

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faster at 42 km/ second it would escape

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the gravitational pool of the sun it

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would run out of the solar system so any

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object at that distance moving faster

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than 42

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km/s would be considered Interstellar

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because it cannot be bound to the sun it

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can be part of the solar system that's

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the definition of an Interstellar object

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that that's how you find

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it and UA mua was

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one and here are two Alternatives that

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were put out in the literature one is a

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very unusual rock made of hydrogen

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nitrogen dust you name it or maybe a

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very thin object that was pushed by

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reflecting sunlight as I suggested and

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that could be a surface layer of a

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bigger object or a broken piece for

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Sphere now uh playright in Los Angeles

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was inspired by this work that I did on

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om mua mua he wrote a play that was

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presented at my home a couple of months

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ago and I just wanted to mention two

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statements from that

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play the first relates to social media

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and to Academia I should add why is

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childlike

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curiosity that really bothers me why are

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people more attracted to

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destructive

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interactions than to constructive ones

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after all we can all work together to

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figure it out what's the big

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deal and the second uh item that I

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wanted to bring up is that I often Tell

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Young scientists never pretend to be the

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adults in the room and I say that to all

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of you even though all of you are

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adults what I mean is

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metaphorically you should maintain your

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childhood

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curiosity because that's the only way to

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discover new

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knowledge and so what I'll describe is

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work done over the past two and a half

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years by the Galileo project team

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uh three of its members are in the

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audience and I challenge you to find

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them from this

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picture and what we developed um is a an

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observatory that is currently collecting

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data at Harvard

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University uh and I'll show you a brief

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video that summarizes the various

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instruments we basically taking a video

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with audio a movie of the sky at all

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times at one location and we are

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planning to make copies of that

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Observatory and put them in many other

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locations throughout the US to figure

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out whether there are objects that came

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us welcome to an overview of the Galileo

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projects development site codeen named

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pigeon run our instrumentation Suite

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consists of both wide field and narrow

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field field sensors wide field sensors

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are used for Target selection and

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tracking while narrow field sensors

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gather higher resolution data on

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potentially anomalous

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objects our main instrument is diic a

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hemispherical array of eight infrared

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cameras next to it is the Alor a

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secondary highresolution Optical all Sky

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camera together these instruments

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continuously Monitor and track objects

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in the sky analyzing them in real time

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for potential anomalous activity this is

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Amos our acoustic monitoring

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omnidirectional system designed to

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detect and record acoustic signatures

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across the infrasonic audible and

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ultrasonic bands Amos also houses an

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adsb antenna for logging aircraft

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transponder data allowing us to quickly

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separate known from unknown

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objects here we have Skywatch a

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multistatic passive radar system

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designed to detect and track multiple

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objects simultaneously measuring object

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positions and

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kinematics n Pacman is an environmental

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monitoring system for measuring local

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weather conditions sensors include an

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anomet temperature and pressure sensors

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a particle counter and a flux gate

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magnetometer next up is Spectre a radio

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spectrum analyzer with a wide band

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antenna for measuring radio and

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microwave

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emissions Beacon is currently our only

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narrow field instrument Beacon is a

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highresolution pan tilt zoom camera

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capable of 40 times optical zoom our

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instruments collect a wide range of data

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all of which is fed to our Computing

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enclosure housed beneath the dalic and

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Alor instruments here data is processed

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and analyzed in real time objects

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detected and tracked by the Widefield

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instruments are localized in 3D space

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and analyzed for unusual characteristics

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selected targets are then sent to the

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beacon PTZ for follow-up

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observation finally data is recorded to

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disk and uploaded to the cloud via

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starlink these combined systems comprise

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the current version of The Observatory

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class system with many refinements

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additions and upgrades scheduled for

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near-term implementation at pigeon

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run so we know how to do it we are

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getting data as we

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speak uh for over a month now we're

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analyzing it with machine learning

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algorithms we want it to be automated so

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the human factor is not biasing any

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conclusion that we reach and we are

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trying to figure out if in addition to

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birds balloons drones airplanes things

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that are familiar there is something

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unfamiliar out

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there and um obviously we will um use

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00:13:46,550 --> 00:13:44,320
different data sets to figure out what

281
00:13:49,430 --> 00:13:46,560
these things are uh the scientific way

282
00:13:51,430 --> 00:13:49,440
and report about it openly to the public

283
00:13:54,069 --> 00:13:51,440
our work is complementary to that of

284
00:13:55,670 --> 00:13:54,079
government the day job of government is

285
00:13:59,350 --> 00:13:55,680
National

286
00:14:02,389 --> 00:13:59,360
Security frankly anything that says made

287
00:14:05,790 --> 00:14:02,399
in China is boring as far as I'm

288
00:14:10,470 --> 00:14:05,800
concerned I want to see if it says Made

289
00:14:13,949 --> 00:14:10,480
in an exoplanet far

290
00:14:16,110 --> 00:14:13,959
away and we are using satellite data

291
00:14:19,990 --> 00:14:16,120
looking at objects from above not just

292
00:14:22,269 --> 00:14:20,000
from below using planet lab's um

293
00:14:26,509 --> 00:14:22,279
satellite

294
00:14:29,949 --> 00:14:26,519
imagery and we have um a plan as to how

295
00:14:31,710 --> 00:14:29,959
to expand the current system that we

296
00:14:34,230 --> 00:14:31,720
have operating it costs about half a

297
00:14:37,749 --> 00:14:34,240
million dollars and we're happy to make

298
00:14:40,110 --> 00:14:37,759
more copies uh it just depends on the

299
00:14:41,829 --> 00:14:40,120
funding that we have so if there's any

300
00:14:43,790 --> 00:14:41,839
potential donor in the audience that

301
00:14:46,910 --> 00:14:43,800
would like to have an observatory named

302
00:14:49,269 --> 00:14:46,920
after them uh please reach out to me we

303
00:14:52,990 --> 00:14:49,279
know exactly what to do we can build it

304
00:14:57,470 --> 00:14:53,000
in a place uh of your

305
00:15:00,110 --> 00:14:57,480
liking and we published eight papers by

306
00:15:04,509 --> 00:15:00,120
now but but what I want to focus on

307
00:15:06,110 --> 00:15:04,519
today is um the interstellar meteor that

308
00:15:09,350 --> 00:15:06,120
I mentioned at the beginning that was

309
00:15:13,949 --> 00:15:09,360
really the first Interstellar object

310
00:15:16,509 --> 00:15:13,959
discovered uh by humans uh and um I

311
00:15:18,949 --> 00:15:16,519
decided to lead an expedition to the

312
00:15:22,670 --> 00:15:18,959
Pacific Ocean this summer between June

313
00:15:24,590 --> 00:15:22,680
14th to 28th two weeks in the ocean

314
00:15:27,870 --> 00:15:24,600
searching for the materials of this

315
00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:27,880
object and I wrote 43 diary reports

316
00:15:33,269 --> 00:15:30,560
during that Expedition they were read by

317
00:15:35,670 --> 00:15:33,279
millions around the world translated to

318
00:15:39,189 --> 00:15:35,680
Spanish a lot of people thanked me for

319
00:15:41,910 --> 00:15:39,199
showing how science should be

320
00:15:46,030 --> 00:15:41,920
done and so this object was discovered

321
00:15:49,110 --> 00:15:46,040
in 2014 but it took 5 years before I

322
00:15:54,350 --> 00:15:49,120
decided to look into it with my student

323
00:15:56,990 --> 00:15:54,360
Amir SJ um and we were searching the

324
00:15:59,430 --> 00:15:57,000
catalog of meteors that NASA put

325
00:16:02,230 --> 00:15:59,440
publicly and looking for for objects

326
00:16:04,309 --> 00:16:02,240
that are potentially Interstellar moving

327
00:16:06,309 --> 00:16:04,319
very fast and we identified this one we

328
00:16:09,790 --> 00:16:06,319
wrote a paper submitted it for

329
00:16:11,590 --> 00:16:09,800
publication and the reviewer said no

330
00:16:13,189 --> 00:16:11,600
this should not be published we don't

331
00:16:17,030 --> 00:16:13,199
believe the US

332
00:16:20,629 --> 00:16:17,040
government and so it took three years

333
00:16:22,550 --> 00:16:20,639
for me to reach out to colleagues within

334
00:16:25,350 --> 00:16:22,560
government through the White House

335
00:16:27,949 --> 00:16:25,360
getting to the US space

336
00:16:30,110 --> 00:16:27,959
command uh for the US space command to

337
00:16:33,150 --> 00:16:30,120
issue a formal letter to

338
00:16:36,269 --> 00:16:33,160
NASA uh stating that they looked into

339
00:16:39,069 --> 00:16:36,279
the data and can confirm at the

340
00:16:42,430 --> 00:16:39,079
99.999% confidence that indeed this

341
00:16:45,150 --> 00:16:42,440
object came from Interstellar space at

342
00:16:47,110 --> 00:16:45,160
which point our paper was accepted for

343
00:16:49,309 --> 00:16:47,120
publication and the government also

344
00:16:51,990 --> 00:16:49,319
released the light curve of the fireball

345
00:16:54,470 --> 00:16:52,000
that was generated this event produced

346
00:16:55,749 --> 00:16:54,480
about a few per of the Hiroshima atomic

347
00:16:59,309 --> 00:16:55,759
bomb

348
00:17:01,710 --> 00:16:59,319
energy and um based on the data we

349
00:17:03,430 --> 00:17:01,720
concluded that the object was at least

350
00:17:06,309 --> 00:17:03,440
the size of a watermelon it could have

351
00:17:08,230 --> 00:17:06,319
been bigger than that the three flares

352
00:17:11,630 --> 00:17:08,240
that were seen from this Fireball were

353
00:17:14,270 --> 00:17:11,640
separated by a tenth of a second and uh

354
00:17:19,549 --> 00:17:14,280
from the fact that they occurred um

355
00:17:21,990 --> 00:17:19,559
within 20 kilm above the ocean surface

356
00:17:25,029 --> 00:17:22,000
we were able to tell that the material

357
00:17:28,549 --> 00:17:25,039
strength of this object was tougher than

358
00:17:29,590 --> 00:17:28,559
iron it was tougher than all space rocks

359
00:17:33,470 --> 00:17:29,600
that NASA

360
00:17:38,909 --> 00:17:36,110
before and at that point I decided to

361
00:17:41,390 --> 00:17:38,919
lead an expedition because I'm a

362
00:17:42,950 --> 00:17:41,400
theoretical physicist but nobody else

363
00:17:46,630 --> 00:17:42,960
would do it

364
00:17:50,669 --> 00:17:46,640
unless I I bring together the the team

365
00:17:52,590 --> 00:17:50,679
and uh so um we used the error box of

366
00:17:55,669 --> 00:17:52,600
the Department of Defense which was 7

367
00:17:58,590 --> 00:17:55,679
miles on a side and we wanted to

368
00:18:01,310 --> 00:17:58,600
localize the meteor path better and we

369
00:18:05,110 --> 00:18:01,320
found some public data from a sesom on

370
00:18:08,149 --> 00:18:05,120
Manus Island in Papua nugini and just as

371
00:18:11,310 --> 00:18:08,159
in the case of a thunder where where you

372
00:18:12,350 --> 00:18:11,320
hear the sound after you see the light

373
00:18:16,630 --> 00:18:12,360
from the

374
00:18:19,830 --> 00:18:16,640
lightning uh we detected a sound signal

375
00:18:21,990 --> 00:18:19,840
on this s moment data and from the time

376
00:18:25,070 --> 00:18:22,000
delay we could tell the distance of the

377
00:18:27,270 --> 00:18:25,080
explosion knowing the speed of sound and

378
00:18:30,710 --> 00:18:27,280
that led us to the red strip that you

379
00:18:34,350 --> 00:18:30,720
see Within the dod error

380
00:18:36,669 --> 00:18:34,360
box so we rented the ship that was

381
00:18:40,110 --> 00:18:36,679
fittingly called Silver

382
00:18:43,029 --> 00:18:40,120
Star uh from Australia and I'll show you

383
00:18:44,590 --> 00:18:43,039
some photographs from that

384
00:18:48,870 --> 00:18:44,600
expedition

385
00:18:52,710 --> 00:18:48,880
drifting in my

386
00:18:55,669 --> 00:18:52,720
S thinking I

387
00:18:57,310 --> 00:18:55,679
am where you

388
00:18:59,470 --> 00:18:57,320
are

389
00:19:01,630 --> 00:18:59,480
drifting

390
00:19:05,430 --> 00:19:01,640
my

391
00:19:08,470 --> 00:19:05,440
Sil thinking I am

392
00:19:10,029 --> 00:19:08,480
one where you

393
00:19:14,310 --> 00:19:10,039
are

394
00:19:18,149 --> 00:19:14,320
drifting in my

395
00:19:21,110 --> 00:19:18,159
sister thinking I am

396
00:19:22,830 --> 00:19:21,120
one where you

397
00:19:28,750 --> 00:19:22,840
are

398
00:19:30,950 --> 00:19:28,760
drifting in my Sil Stone think

399
00:19:35,950 --> 00:19:30,960
I am

400
00:19:43,110 --> 00:19:39,710
are so here is the deck of the ship with

401
00:19:44,990 --> 00:19:43,120
the 28 people that came on board some of

402
00:19:47,630 --> 00:19:45,000
the best engineers and

403
00:19:50,789 --> 00:19:47,640
Navigators in the world I was very

404
00:19:54,510 --> 00:19:50,799
pleased that they chose to join us and

405
00:19:57,350 --> 00:19:54,520
what you see behind the team is an

406
00:19:59,110 --> 00:19:57,360
A-frame that was directing a cable

407
00:20:02,750 --> 00:19:59,120
connected to the ship

408
00:20:06,029 --> 00:20:02,760
to a sled that we put down on the ocean

409
00:20:10,190 --> 00:20:06,039
floor with magnets on both sides to

410
00:20:12,630 --> 00:20:10,200
collect particles that were melted off

411
00:20:15,190 --> 00:20:12,640
the surface of the object when it was

412
00:20:17,710 --> 00:20:15,200
exposed to the immense heat from the

413
00:20:18,630 --> 00:20:17,720
fireball that it generated as a result

414
00:20:21,510 --> 00:20:18,640
of its

415
00:20:24,470 --> 00:20:21,520
friction and so we were looking for

416
00:20:28,909 --> 00:20:24,480
millimet sized particles the size of a

417
00:20:31,909 --> 00:20:28,919
grain of sand at a mile deep ocean

418
00:20:34,270 --> 00:20:31,919
across a region of seven miles that

419
00:20:37,549 --> 00:20:34,280
sounds hopeless and indeed many people

420
00:20:41,950 --> 00:20:37,559
said why waste the

421
00:20:44,909 --> 00:20:41,960
time but very often in life it's

422
00:20:48,830 --> 00:20:44,919
important to be an optimist because

423
00:20:51,630 --> 00:20:48,840
sometimes life is a self-fulfilling

424
00:20:53,270 --> 00:20:51,640
prophecy so here are some more images

425
00:20:57,549 --> 00:20:53,280
what you see in the middle and the right

426
00:21:00,630 --> 00:20:57,559
hand side are images of us pulling the

427
00:21:04,630 --> 00:21:00,640
sled up out of the water um the cable

428
00:21:08,029 --> 00:21:04,640
was about 3 Mi long so it took about an

429
00:21:12,070 --> 00:21:08,039
hour to bring the sled up and then we

430
00:21:13,750 --> 00:21:12,080
would put it flat on the deck and scrape

431
00:21:15,830 --> 00:21:13,760
the magnets for all the magnetic

432
00:21:18,190 --> 00:21:15,840
particles that we found what you see on

433
00:21:21,750 --> 00:21:18,200
the bottom left and middle is me jogging

434
00:21:24,630 --> 00:21:21,760
at Sunrise as I do on land I kept this

435
00:21:27,590 --> 00:21:24,640
routine on the ship and we had a filming

436
00:21:29,149 --> 00:21:27,600
crew there one out of 50 that wanted to

437
00:21:31,750 --> 00:21:29,159
join us

438
00:21:34,390 --> 00:21:31,760
uh and they asked me if they can film me

439
00:21:36,590 --> 00:21:34,400
jogging in the morning so they asked me

440
00:21:39,750 --> 00:21:36,600
could you please jog a little more and

441
00:21:43,510 --> 00:21:39,760
it ended up being nine

442
00:21:45,510 --> 00:21:43,520
miles uh and I realized that my workout

443
00:21:48,430 --> 00:21:45,520
app is actually not measuring my speed

444
00:21:50,590 --> 00:21:48,440
it measures the speed of the ship just

445
00:21:55,909 --> 00:21:50,600
keep that in mind if you are ever

446
00:21:58,870 --> 00:21:55,919
jogging on a ship um it's GPS uh and at

447
00:22:02,190 --> 00:21:58,880
the end of my run uh the director of

448
00:22:04,149 --> 00:22:02,200
this documentary asked me AI it looks

449
00:22:06,870 --> 00:22:04,159
like you're running are you running away

450
00:22:10,190 --> 00:22:06,880
from something or towards something and

451
00:22:12,350 --> 00:22:10,200
I replied both I'm running away from

452
00:22:15,830 --> 00:22:12,360
some of my colleagues who have very

453
00:22:17,669 --> 00:22:15,840
strong opinions without seeking evidence

454
00:22:21,750 --> 00:22:17,679
and I'm running towards a higher

455
00:22:24,390 --> 00:22:21,760
intelligence in interstellar

456
00:22:27,750 --> 00:22:24,400
space so here are some more photos you

457
00:22:29,950 --> 00:22:27,760
can see the sled um uh and we use the

458
00:22:32,269 --> 00:22:29,960
VAC vacum cleaner sometimes to clean it

459
00:22:35,070 --> 00:22:32,279
up from all the magnetic particles and

460
00:22:38,549 --> 00:22:35,080
then we would dry up uh whatever was in

461
00:22:41,149 --> 00:22:38,559
the vacuum cleaner uh and we would put

462
00:22:44,710 --> 00:22:41,159
those particles under a microscope that

463
00:22:48,710 --> 00:22:44,720
we had on the ship uh but in the first

464
00:22:51,870 --> 00:22:48,720
six days all we found was volcanic ash

465
00:22:55,909 --> 00:22:51,880
black powder tiny particles from

466
00:22:58,830 --> 00:22:55,919
Earth and I was

467
00:23:01,909 --> 00:22:58,840
frustrated uh and then uh at that point

468
00:23:06,269 --> 00:23:01,919
we decided to filter the material and

469
00:23:09,110 --> 00:23:06,279
let the volcanic ash go um using a mesh

470
00:23:11,390 --> 00:23:09,120
size of about a quarter of a millimeter

471
00:23:14,710 --> 00:23:11,400
and the bigger particles were put under

472
00:23:18,669 --> 00:23:14,720
a microscope and lo and behold we found

473
00:23:21,750 --> 00:23:18,679
a molten droplet from a meteor and I

474
00:23:23,149 --> 00:23:21,760
knew it I I was thrilled I I hugged the

475
00:23:25,990 --> 00:23:23,159
person who saw it first on the

476
00:23:29,430 --> 00:23:26,000
microscope because I knew that uh when I

477
00:23:32,149 --> 00:23:29,440
find an ant in the kitchen I get alarmed

478
00:23:34,750 --> 00:23:32,159
there must be many more ants out there

479
00:23:36,350 --> 00:23:34,760
and indeed we found 50 of those ferals

480
00:23:40,669 --> 00:23:36,360
on the

481
00:23:45,029 --> 00:23:40,679
ship so let me show you a brief video of

482
00:23:48,350 --> 00:23:45,039
um how the image from down below how the

483
00:23:50,590 --> 00:23:48,360
sled was going over the ocean floor it

484
00:23:54,230 --> 00:23:50,600
it was basically like mowing the loan

485
00:23:58,149 --> 00:23:54,240
except there was no loan down there at a

486
00:24:02,510 --> 00:23:58,159
mile deep there was we saw some shrimp

487
00:24:05,230 --> 00:24:02,520
um but it was mostly mck uh and the the

488
00:24:08,950 --> 00:24:05,240
magnets on the sled were collecting uh

489
00:24:11,590 --> 00:24:08,960
magnetic particles that we brought up uh

490
00:24:15,590 --> 00:24:11,600
and every now and then we would um

491
00:24:17,669 --> 00:24:15,600
encounter a rock that um would slow us

492
00:24:19,590 --> 00:24:17,679
down a bit the biggest challenge was to

493
00:24:22,350 --> 00:24:19,600
keep the sled on the ocean floor because

494
00:24:24,789 --> 00:24:22,360
it was kiting as a result of the tension

495
00:24:27,549 --> 00:24:24,799
in the cable it was floating above the

496
00:24:29,830 --> 00:24:27,559
surface so that required some expertise

497
00:24:31,870 --> 00:24:29,840
here you see a rock obviously we

498
00:24:35,230 --> 00:24:31,880
couldn't collect this one but we are

499
00:24:38,230 --> 00:24:35,240
hoping to go back and look for bigger

500
00:24:39,590 --> 00:24:38,240
pieces of the original meteor because

501
00:24:42,870 --> 00:24:39,600
that could tell us the difference

502
00:24:45,470 --> 00:24:42,880
between a rock a natural object and an

503
00:24:47,510 --> 00:24:45,480
artificial Gadget and I asked my

504
00:24:49,789 --> 00:24:47,520
students at class if we find a gadget

505
00:24:50,549 --> 00:24:49,799
and it has buttons on it should we press

506
00:25:51,230 --> 00:24:50,559
a

507
00:25:53,830 --> 00:25:51,240
hopeful

508
00:25:56,990 --> 00:25:53,840
but uh Paula

509
00:25:59,750 --> 00:25:57,000
Antonelli summarized her vision with

510
00:26:06,070 --> 00:26:03,149
she said love the

511
00:26:08,269 --> 00:26:06,080
aliens and what she meant is that we

512
00:26:11,909 --> 00:26:08,279
should love each

513
00:26:15,830 --> 00:26:11,919
other especially when we are different

514
00:26:18,510 --> 00:26:15,840
frankly I am INF fluctuated

515
00:26:22,149 --> 00:26:18,520
by others that might be smarter than I

516
00:26:27,070 --> 00:26:24,710
them so I promised Paula that I will

517
00:26:30,510 --> 00:26:27,080
bring if we find anything in the next

518
00:26:32,190 --> 00:26:30,520
Expedition and I'll bring it for exhibit

519
00:26:34,230 --> 00:26:32,200
at the Museum of Modern Art because it

520
00:26:38,590 --> 00:26:34,240
would represent modernity for us even

521
00:26:45,149 --> 00:26:42,029
senders at an event we went 26 times

522
00:26:48,029 --> 00:26:45,159
across this error box and in some

523
00:26:51,990 --> 00:26:48,039
control regions to figure out the

524
00:26:54,149 --> 00:26:52,000
background and um here you on the left

525
00:26:56,669 --> 00:26:54,159
you can see the Whiteboard where we

526
00:26:59,630 --> 00:26:56,679
wrote the number of 50 we thought that's

527
00:27:03,070 --> 00:26:59,640
amazing we found 50 ferals molten

528
00:27:04,110 --> 00:27:03,080
droplets but uh we shipped the entirety

529
00:27:08,590 --> 00:27:04,120
of the

530
00:27:10,590 --> 00:27:08,600
materials um with FedEx to my home but

531
00:27:13,269 --> 00:27:10,600
um here you see an image from the

532
00:27:15,389 --> 00:27:13,279
microscope that demonstrates how

533
00:27:16,630 --> 00:27:15,399
distinct are these spheros they look

534
00:27:19,230 --> 00:27:16,640
like metallic

535
00:27:23,389 --> 00:27:19,240
marbles uh relative to the background

536
00:27:26,710 --> 00:27:23,399
sand and we pick them with twizz and

537
00:27:29,590 --> 00:27:26,720
when I posted these images on medium uh

538
00:27:32,190 --> 00:27:29,600
my daughter saw them and said uh could

539
00:27:35,590 --> 00:27:32,200
you please uh thread one of them on a

540
00:27:37,389 --> 00:27:35,600
necklace for me and I said uh well they

541
00:27:39,669 --> 00:27:37,399
are millimeter in size and they're made

542
00:27:41,710 --> 00:27:39,679
mostly of iron it's not practical she

543
00:27:43,990 --> 00:27:41,720
was very

544
00:27:46,110 --> 00:27:44,000
disappointed uh and so we delivered

545
00:27:49,430 --> 00:27:46,120
those babies uh what you see is the

546
00:27:51,950 --> 00:27:49,440
delivery room which uh looks like a

547
00:27:55,669 --> 00:27:51,960
white container white

548
00:27:58,430 --> 00:27:55,679
box uh and we put the babies instead of

549
00:28:00,710 --> 00:27:58,440
in their beds we put them in in vials

550
00:28:07,230 --> 00:28:00,720
and we marked we labeled those

551
00:28:10,149 --> 00:28:07,240
vials uh 50 speros Shi them to my home

552
00:28:13,470 --> 00:28:10,159
and you can see on the right hand side

553
00:28:15,149 --> 00:28:13,480
the uh suitcase that they were in and

554
00:28:17,110 --> 00:28:15,159
when I received it and opened it I

555
00:28:18,950 --> 00:28:17,120
realized well FedEx took a few extra

556
00:28:20,509 --> 00:28:18,960
days to deliver it but it's nothing

557
00:28:24,509 --> 00:28:20,519
compared to the billions of years that

558
00:28:26,710 --> 00:28:24,519
he took the material to arrive here so

559
00:28:30,430 --> 00:28:26,720
it's not a big delay and what you see on

560
00:28:33,630 --> 00:28:30,440
the left is is the team examining the

561
00:28:36,990 --> 00:28:33,640
sled on a rainy night the funer is

562
00:28:38,669 --> 00:28:37,000
actually to my right in a black raincoat

563
00:28:41,190 --> 00:28:38,679
Charles

564
00:28:43,789 --> 00:28:41,200
hoskinson and so I brought the materials

565
00:28:47,070 --> 00:28:43,799
to my colleague at Harvard Stein

566
00:28:49,710 --> 00:28:47,080
Jacobson who has a one of the best mass

567
00:28:52,549 --> 00:28:49,720
spectrometers in the world you see it in

568
00:28:56,029 --> 00:28:52,559
front of us uh

569
00:28:58,870 --> 00:28:56,039
and uh on the other side of me in this

570
00:29:02,110 --> 00:28:58,880
photo you can see my summer intern

571
00:29:05,269 --> 00:29:02,120
Sophie Bergstrom who decided to Shadow

572
00:29:07,029 --> 00:29:05,279
me this summer and um write about how I

573
00:29:10,269 --> 00:29:07,039
do my science because she wants to

574
00:29:12,630 --> 00:29:10,279
become a science journalist but at some

575
00:29:14,710 --> 00:29:12,640
point she said um could I help you with

576
00:29:17,190 --> 00:29:14,720
a science and I said sure and I gave her

577
00:29:18,830 --> 00:29:17,200
a pair of twizzles and the microscope

578
00:29:20,509 --> 00:29:18,840
she went through the materials again and

579
00:29:24,269 --> 00:29:20,519
found 600

580
00:29:25,909 --> 00:29:24,279
spheral so I gave her the honorary title

581
00:29:29,430 --> 00:29:25,919
The spheral

582
00:29:33,430 --> 00:29:29,440
Hunter and we have many more now so alt

583
00:29:37,029 --> 00:29:33,440
together nearly 800 spheros out of which

584
00:29:41,950 --> 00:29:37,039
we analyzed only 57 publicly and we are

585
00:29:45,269 --> 00:29:41,960
currently these days analyze the um

586
00:29:48,990 --> 00:29:45,279
we're analyzing 93% of the sample that

587
00:29:53,230 --> 00:29:49,000
we have so most of it is not yet uh

588
00:29:56,509 --> 00:29:53,240
analyzed but when we made a map of the

589
00:29:59,190 --> 00:29:56,519
distribution of spheral um this is a map

590
00:30:02,230 --> 00:29:59,200
of the yield of ferals per amount of

591
00:30:04,110 --> 00:30:02,240
mass that was retrieved and this map was

592
00:30:06,470 --> 00:30:04,120
produced by Laura dummin who is in the

593
00:30:08,870 --> 00:30:06,480
audience here a member of the Galileo

594
00:30:12,149 --> 00:30:08,880
project uh what we found is that near

595
00:30:15,470 --> 00:30:12,159
the meteor path which is delineated in

596
00:30:18,990 --> 00:30:15,480
Orange um I mean the left side is the

597
00:30:22,029 --> 00:30:19,000
zoomed out map and the right side is the

598
00:30:24,750 --> 00:30:22,039
zoomed in map of the meteor path uh what

599
00:30:27,350 --> 00:30:24,760
we found is that there are enhancements

600
00:30:30,830 --> 00:30:27,360
in the yield in in these yellow regions

601
00:30:33,789 --> 00:30:30,840
close to the meteor path relative to the

602
00:30:35,590 --> 00:30:33,799
background and so it means that we were

603
00:30:38,710 --> 00:30:35,600
in the right

604
00:30:40,669 --> 00:30:38,720
spot and U on the first day as we came

605
00:30:43,029 --> 00:30:40,679
back from the Expedition we passed

606
00:30:45,990 --> 00:30:43,039
through San Francisco Airport went to

607
00:30:48,549 --> 00:30:46,000
Burkley and used a scanning electron

608
00:30:50,590 --> 00:30:48,559
microscope to look at the inside of some

609
00:30:52,990 --> 00:30:50,600
of the spheral and what we found is

610
00:30:56,149 --> 00:30:53,000
amazing there are spheres inside spheres

611
00:30:59,389 --> 00:30:56,159
just like Russian dolls and the idea is

612
00:31:02,430 --> 00:30:59,399
that uh the small spheres solidified

613
00:31:06,789 --> 00:31:02,440
first and then they were engulfed with

614
00:31:09,029 --> 00:31:06,799
molten iron that glued them

615
00:31:10,950 --> 00:31:09,039
together here is a sphere that looks

616
00:31:13,470 --> 00:31:10,960
like a soccer

617
00:31:16,110 --> 00:31:13,480
ball and another one that looks like a

618
00:31:18,950 --> 00:31:16,120
merger of three

619
00:31:20,870 --> 00:31:18,960
spheres and this one was particularly

620
00:31:23,990 --> 00:31:20,880
interesting because it was in a yellow

621
00:31:29,029 --> 00:31:24,000
region it was one of the biggest that we

622
00:31:30,470 --> 00:31:29,039
had 1.3 mm in the diameter so we decided

623
00:31:34,190 --> 00:31:30,480
to analyze it

624
00:31:36,710 --> 00:31:34,200
first and what we found is that the iron

625
00:31:41,230 --> 00:31:36,720
Isotopes have a ratio that is very

626
00:31:42,070 --> 00:31:41,240
different from rocks on Earth or Mars or

627
00:31:44,990 --> 00:31:42,080
the

628
00:31:47,789 --> 00:31:45,000
moon but most importantly we looked at

629
00:31:50,669 --> 00:31:47,799
the concentration of elements in the

630
00:31:54,230 --> 00:31:50,679
periodic table starting from lithium on

631
00:31:57,269 --> 00:31:54,240
the left going to Uranium on the right

632
00:31:59,830 --> 00:31:57,279
and we normalize the abundances relative

633
00:32:02,470 --> 00:31:59,840
to the standard solar composition so

634
00:32:06,070 --> 00:32:02,480
that's the composition of the stuff that

635
00:32:09,470 --> 00:32:06,080
made the solar system that's marked by

636
00:32:13,629 --> 00:32:09,480
one on this plot and what we found is

637
00:32:17,710 --> 00:32:13,639
that elements like berum lanthanum and

638
00:32:20,509 --> 00:32:17,720
uranium have a higher abundance by

639
00:32:22,110 --> 00:32:20,519
factors of hundreds to a thousand

640
00:32:24,310 --> 00:32:22,120
relative to the standard solar

641
00:32:26,110 --> 00:32:24,320
composition and it's not just these

642
00:32:30,990 --> 00:32:26,120
three elements you can see many in

643
00:32:33,830 --> 00:32:31,000
between uh and um we decided since this

644
00:32:35,710 --> 00:32:33,840
abundance pattern was never seen never

645
00:32:37,669 --> 00:32:35,720
reported in the literature the

646
00:32:40,669 --> 00:32:37,679
scientific literature we had to give it

647
00:32:44,190 --> 00:32:40,679
a new name which

648
00:32:45,750 --> 00:32:44,200
we um decided would be below for berum

649
00:32:48,350 --> 00:32:45,760
lanum and

650
00:32:49,830 --> 00:32:48,360
uranium that's a new type of speros

651
00:32:52,350 --> 00:32:49,840
never seen

652
00:32:54,950 --> 00:32:52,360
before and here are five of them that

653
00:32:57,110 --> 00:32:54,960
have this Bellow composition and here we

654
00:32:59,830 --> 00:32:57,120
plot the elements based on their vola

655
00:33:02,470 --> 00:32:59,840
ility meaning that elements on the right

656
00:33:05,470 --> 00:33:02,480
can be easily lost as a result of

657
00:33:09,830 --> 00:33:05,480
evaporation during an explosion during

658
00:33:12,389 --> 00:33:09,840
an air burst and indeed they are missing

659
00:33:15,669 --> 00:33:12,399
those elements have a lower

660
00:33:19,430 --> 00:33:15,679
abundance uh than expected and so that

661
00:33:22,269 --> 00:33:19,440
demonstrates that the Bellow ferals were

662
00:33:25,710 --> 00:33:22,279
associated with an

663
00:33:33,710 --> 00:33:29,629
meteor now now in recent days this week

664
00:33:36,110 --> 00:33:33,720
you must have heard those bloggers and

665
00:33:39,230 --> 00:33:36,120
scientists astronomers or people that

666
00:33:42,549 --> 00:33:39,240
call themselves astrophysicist they're

667
00:33:48,310 --> 00:33:42,559
not real scientists um who say that what

668
00:33:54,549 --> 00:33:52,509
Ash and that's a bit strange I was asked

669
00:33:56,549 --> 00:33:54,559
by a reporter this morning I said look

670
00:33:58,470 --> 00:33:56,559
we were using a magnetic sled with

671
00:34:03,110 --> 00:33:58,480
magnets

672
00:34:10,349 --> 00:34:07,310
iron so you know if you are smart you

673
00:34:13,230 --> 00:34:10,359
choose the battles that you fight that

674
00:34:15,589 --> 00:34:13,240
you are willing to die on but apparently

675
00:34:18,349 --> 00:34:15,599
these people were willing to die on a on

676
00:34:21,310 --> 00:34:18,359
a botle that makes no sense whatsoever I

677
00:34:23,909 --> 00:34:21,320
just don't understand why they are doing

678
00:34:27,510 --> 00:34:23,919
it and in fact we you can see here a

679
00:34:30,270 --> 00:34:27,520
plot that shows at one corner the iron

680
00:34:34,869 --> 00:34:30,280
abundance another silicon at the third

681
00:34:38,950 --> 00:34:34,879
one magnesium and the Bellow ferals are

682
00:34:40,750 --> 00:34:38,960
located very far away from fly ash which

683
00:34:45,550 --> 00:34:40,760
is in the

684
00:34:46,589 --> 00:34:45,560
upper corner so no way that we could

685
00:34:50,550 --> 00:34:46,599
have

686
00:34:54,310 --> 00:34:50,560
confused fly ash with the Bellow

687
00:34:57,069 --> 00:34:54,320
ferals and you know it's really strange

688
00:34:58,829 --> 00:34:57,079
that there is there are those people who

689
00:35:00,950 --> 00:34:58,839
jump up and down and I'm not talking

690
00:35:03,790 --> 00:35:00,960
about one or two I'm talking about a lot

691
00:35:07,150 --> 00:35:03,800
of people cheering up to what they

692
00:35:09,109 --> 00:35:07,160
said uh saying the problem is solved

693
00:35:12,990 --> 00:35:09,119
this Expedition

694
00:35:14,630 --> 00:35:13,000
found our own

695
00:35:18,190 --> 00:35:14,640
coal

696
00:35:21,670 --> 00:35:18,200
um it's to me very sad to see that

697
00:35:24,710 --> 00:35:21,680
because it shows how thisinformation can

698
00:35:28,470 --> 00:35:24,720
propagate even on matters of Science and

699
00:35:32,030 --> 00:35:28,480
one of these bloggers when I

700
00:35:34,430 --> 00:35:32,040
said that he calls himself an

701
00:35:36,310 --> 00:35:34,440
astrophysicist but he never he didn't

702
00:35:39,670 --> 00:35:36,320
publish a single scientific paper over

703
00:35:43,349 --> 00:35:39,680
the past decade so how dare he talk

704
00:35:45,510 --> 00:35:43,359
about it I mean as if he is a practicing

705
00:35:48,470 --> 00:35:45,520
scientist uh he's a

706
00:35:50,990 --> 00:35:48,480
pretender how can he represent the way

707
00:35:53,109 --> 00:35:51,000
science is done how can he tell

708
00:35:55,710 --> 00:35:53,119
practicing scientists what to do it's

709
00:35:58,309 --> 00:35:55,720
like commentators telling soccer players

710
00:36:02,270 --> 00:35:58,319
how to pass the ball

711
00:36:05,190 --> 00:36:02,280
um and he saw this and put it on his

712
00:36:09,270 --> 00:36:05,200
Twitter handle the

713
00:36:11,670 --> 00:36:09,280
title a blogger who did not publish for

714
00:36:14,109 --> 00:36:11,680
a decade so he is proud of his

715
00:36:17,510 --> 00:36:14,119
incompetence and my point is really

716
00:36:20,030 --> 00:36:17,520
simple my point is simple those who are

717
00:36:22,710 --> 00:36:20,040
proud of their

718
00:36:26,790 --> 00:36:22,720
incompetence will not

719
00:36:28,510 --> 00:36:26,800
terrorize real scientists I don't give a

720
00:36:30,990 --> 00:36:28,520
damn about what he

721
00:36:37,390 --> 00:36:31,000
says it's all about paying attention to

722
00:36:43,790 --> 00:36:39,910
data so then the question is where did

723
00:36:47,870 --> 00:36:43,800
this Bellow composition originate from

724
00:36:51,470 --> 00:36:47,880
and I have two alternative scenarios one

725
00:36:54,589 --> 00:36:51,480
is a natural explanation and uh one can

726
00:36:56,710 --> 00:36:54,599
explain it imagining a planet outside

727
00:37:00,150 --> 00:36:56,720
the solar system because this was not

728
00:37:03,550 --> 00:37:00,160
not found on Earth Mars the moon

729
00:37:08,230 --> 00:37:03,560
asteroids so imagine an exoplanet that

730
00:37:11,150 --> 00:37:08,240
had a magma ocean and an iron core some

731
00:37:14,190 --> 00:37:11,160
elements would sink to the center of the

732
00:37:16,390 --> 00:37:14,200
planet and others will be left behind in

733
00:37:20,430 --> 00:37:16,400
the crust those are the elements that we

734
00:37:23,990 --> 00:37:20,440
see enhanced so if there is a planet an

735
00:37:25,589 --> 00:37:24,000
exop planet that was a magma ocean and

736
00:37:29,030 --> 00:37:25,599
was ripped

737
00:37:31,190 --> 00:37:29,040
apart then perhaps this meteor came from

738
00:37:34,790 --> 00:37:31,200
it and in

739
00:37:37,109 --> 00:37:34,800
fact if you take the Earth we all know

740
00:37:39,510 --> 00:37:37,119
about the tide that the moon raises in

741
00:37:41,309 --> 00:37:39,520
the ocean so just imagine replacing the

742
00:37:44,150 --> 00:37:41,319
moon with the

743
00:37:47,270 --> 00:37:44,160
sun even if you put the Earth next to

744
00:37:50,390 --> 00:37:47,280
the sun it will not be disrupted by the

745
00:37:52,430 --> 00:37:50,400
tidal force of the sun because the

746
00:37:53,670 --> 00:37:52,440
density of the sun is less than the

747
00:37:56,790 --> 00:37:53,680
density of

748
00:37:59,910 --> 00:37:56,800
rock but if you consider the most

749
00:38:01,829 --> 00:37:59,920
abundant type of stars dwarf stars the

750
00:38:05,109 --> 00:38:01,839
nearest one is Proxima centari the

751
00:38:07,349 --> 00:38:05,119
nearest star 12% of the mass of the Sun

752
00:38:09,910 --> 00:38:07,359
about a tenth of the radius of the sun

753
00:38:12,309 --> 00:38:09,920
such stars are a 100 times denser than

754
00:38:15,030 --> 00:38:12,319
Rock so if you take a planet like the

755
00:38:16,309 --> 00:38:15,040
Earth and bring it close to such a star

756
00:38:18,990 --> 00:38:16,319
it would get

757
00:38:21,430 --> 00:38:19,000
spaghettified elongated into a stream of

758
00:38:23,990 --> 00:38:21,440
rocks half of which will be ejected to

759
00:38:27,230 --> 00:38:24,000
Interstellar space at a speed that we

760
00:38:29,510 --> 00:38:27,240
calculated is similar to this meteor

761
00:38:32,630 --> 00:38:29,520
so here is a natur possible natural

762
00:38:35,030 --> 00:38:32,640
origin but of course it's also possible

763
00:38:37,950 --> 00:38:35,040
that it was artificial in

764
00:38:41,430 --> 00:38:37,960
origin and I want to emphasize that this

765
00:38:44,990 --> 00:38:41,440
expedition was risky it was not obvious

766
00:38:47,510 --> 00:38:45,000
that we'll get funded at1 and A5

767
00:38:50,150 --> 00:38:47,520
million uh I might not have been

768
00:38:53,109 --> 00:38:50,160
successful at recruiting qualified

769
00:38:54,870 --> 00:38:53,119
engineers and Navigators for this task

770
00:38:58,589 --> 00:38:54,880
our Machinery might not have

771
00:39:01,109 --> 00:38:58,599
accomplished the task perhaps the the

772
00:39:03,309 --> 00:39:01,119
sled would not sit on the ocean floor so

773
00:39:06,150 --> 00:39:03,319
we would never collect anything and this

774
00:39:09,190 --> 00:39:06,160
meteor might have not had enough Mass to

775
00:39:11,430 --> 00:39:09,200
provide us with enough spheral for us to

776
00:39:13,910 --> 00:39:11,440
find and moreover my colleague at

777
00:39:17,069 --> 00:39:13,920
Harvard might have told me that he's too

778
00:39:21,030 --> 00:39:17,079
busy uh and he cannot help me and then

779
00:39:25,950 --> 00:39:23,670
composition so what I'm trying to say is

780
00:39:27,790 --> 00:39:25,960
to in order to find new knowledge we

781
00:39:30,150 --> 00:39:27,800
really need to take

782
00:39:32,710 --> 00:39:30,160
risks and our goal in the next

783
00:39:36,109 --> 00:39:32,720
Expedition is potentially to visit that

784
00:39:38,550 --> 00:39:36,119
site again and look for bigger pieces

785
00:39:41,670 --> 00:39:38,560
and here I am standing next to Art

786
00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:41,680
Wright the party chief of this

787
00:39:47,230 --> 00:39:44,200
Expedition who was the commander of a

788
00:39:49,990 --> 00:39:47,240
destroyer during the Vietnam war he's 85

789
00:39:52,270 --> 00:39:50,000
years old I really liked him because he

790
00:39:53,390 --> 00:39:52,280
didn't say much but everything he said

791
00:39:55,990 --> 00:39:53,400
was

792
00:39:58,630 --> 00:39:56,000
right and we were looking at the sunset

793
00:40:01,349 --> 00:39:58,640
on the last last day and planning the

794
00:40:05,190 --> 00:40:04,430
Expedition so in summary I just wanted

795
00:40:07,990 --> 00:40:05,200
to

796
00:40:12,270 --> 00:40:08,000
mention the guiding principles that I

797
00:40:19,430 --> 00:40:15,589
experience first of all most important

798
00:40:21,230 --> 00:40:19,440
is to follow evidence by collecting data

799
00:40:24,190 --> 00:40:21,240
with state-ofthe-art

800
00:40:26,470 --> 00:40:24,200
instruments that are fully under control

801
00:40:28,790 --> 00:40:26,480
and are well calibrated in other words

802
00:40:30,829 --> 00:40:28,800
instruments that you

803
00:40:34,430 --> 00:40:30,839
understand that's the way science is

804
00:40:39,510 --> 00:40:34,440
done not by polling how many people like

805
00:40:44,390 --> 00:40:42,349
X and I'm I'm sure that Elon Musk is not

806
00:40:45,750 --> 00:40:44,400
putting such a poll because I'm not sure

807
00:40:47,550 --> 00:40:45,760
how he

808
00:40:49,470 --> 00:40:47,560
will be

809
00:40:53,430 --> 00:40:49,480
ranked

810
00:40:56,309 --> 00:40:53,440
um and then the

811
00:40:58,309 --> 00:40:56,319
principle that FIFA the football

812
00:41:01,190 --> 00:40:58,319
Association

813
00:41:02,829 --> 00:41:01,200
Advocates listen to eyewitnesses that's

814
00:41:06,190 --> 00:41:02,839
perfectly fine you know if a player

815
00:41:09,430 --> 00:41:06,200
comes along and says I thought that the

816
00:41:12,790 --> 00:41:09,440
ball really went past the the goal you

817
00:41:14,750 --> 00:41:12,800
know uh you can listen to that and you

818
00:41:17,270 --> 00:41:14,760
what but what you do to decide what

819
00:41:18,910 --> 00:41:17,280
really happened is to go to the cameras

820
00:41:21,309 --> 00:41:18,920
and

821
00:41:23,950 --> 00:41:21,319
check that's what FIFA

822
00:41:26,030 --> 00:41:23,960
does they don't decide based on what the

823
00:41:27,309 --> 00:41:26,040
players tell them or the audience tells

824
00:41:28,870 --> 00:41:27,319
them

825
00:41:31,390 --> 00:41:28,880
because we all know that when there is a

826
00:41:34,349 --> 00:41:31,400
car accident different people give very

827
00:41:36,670 --> 00:41:34,359
different reports about what

828
00:41:40,390 --> 00:41:36,680
happened so science is done by

829
00:41:45,630 --> 00:41:40,400
instruments to avoid a bias

830
00:41:51,309 --> 00:41:48,309
have and then another principle from

831
00:41:54,829 --> 00:41:51,319
sports that is advocated by basketball

832
00:41:57,150 --> 00:41:54,839
coaches keep your eyes on the ball not

833
00:42:01,109 --> 00:41:57,160
on the audience I'm looking at the

834
00:42:04,950 --> 00:42:01,119
audience but I should um and what I mean

835
00:42:06,589 --> 00:42:04,960
by that is that I have no footprint on

836
00:42:09,190 --> 00:42:06,599
social

837
00:42:15,069 --> 00:42:09,200
media I don't care how many likes I get

838
00:42:20,349 --> 00:42:16,589
irrelevant

839
00:42:24,630 --> 00:42:20,359
because if you listen to too many

840
00:42:30,790 --> 00:42:24,640
people you basically reduce yourself to

841
00:42:36,829 --> 00:42:32,309
and another

842
00:42:39,710 --> 00:42:36,839
important phenomenon that I um obviously

843
00:42:42,270 --> 00:42:39,720
witnessed is those Pretenders who

844
00:42:44,390 --> 00:42:42,280
pretend to protect science they say that

845
00:42:47,750 --> 00:42:44,400
they are pro

846
00:42:49,349 --> 00:42:47,760
science but they ignore facts that

847
00:42:51,829 --> 00:42:49,359
disagree with their

848
00:42:53,750 --> 00:42:51,839
models and so for example two

849
00:42:55,510 --> 00:42:53,760
astronomers on the day that I came back

850
00:42:57,950 --> 00:42:55,520
from the Expedition published the paper

851
00:43:01,309 --> 00:42:57,960
in the astrophysical IAL Journal saying

852
00:43:03,270 --> 00:43:01,319
that the government measured the speed

853
00:43:05,630 --> 00:43:03,280
incorrectly it was three times smaller

854
00:43:08,309 --> 00:43:05,640
this object was actually a stone from

855
00:43:10,230 --> 00:43:08,319
the solar system they did it at the time

856
00:43:17,230 --> 00:43:10,240
that I was bringing back the

857
00:43:24,150 --> 00:43:21,270
wait another important uh principle

858
00:43:25,069 --> 00:43:24,160
don't mud wrestle because those who call

859
00:43:32,190 --> 00:43:25,079
you

860
00:43:35,430 --> 00:43:32,200
so just ignore

861
00:43:38,270 --> 00:43:35,440
it and Rise instead to the greatest

862
00:43:41,309 --> 00:43:38,280
Heights of scientific practice where the

863
00:43:44,950 --> 00:43:41,319
oxygen level is too low for these

864
00:43:48,829 --> 00:43:44,960
critics My Hope Is that they will drop

865
00:43:50,309 --> 00:43:48,839
off just like crows that drop off the

866
00:43:53,710 --> 00:43:50,319
back of an

867
00:43:56,510 --> 00:43:53,720
eagle and stop pecking at its neck I

868
00:43:59,030 --> 00:43:56,520
should say they haven't stopped yet I'm

869
00:44:02,270 --> 00:43:59,040
doing my best to get rid of

870
00:44:04,230 --> 00:44:02,280
them and as I mentioned before it's

871
00:44:06,829 --> 00:44:04,240
important to be an optimist because life

872
00:44:09,710 --> 00:44:06,839
is a self-fulfilling prophecy and